Every curve and every number on the plots is computed in your browser from the complex array factor AF(θ) = Σ a_n·e^{j(n·kd·sinθ + β_n)} — a real sum over real complex numbers. Nothing is a drawn shape and nothing is a lookup table. The half-power beamwidth is found by locating the −3 dB points on the computed pattern; the directivity is found by numerically integrating that pattern over the sphere. This page was generated by Claude (Anthropic) as part of the Wireless 101 materials.

Published figures, shown only beside the computed value and always named as approximations: HPBW ≈ 0.886 λ/(N d) radians for a uniform broadside array, and the −13.26 dB first side lobe of a uniform illumination — Balanis, Antenna Theory, 4th ed., ch. 6; the same two the M7‑L4 and M7‑L2 decks teach. Also: 2.15 dBi for a half‑wave dipole, a 20–35 dB typical front‑to‑back ratio, and 64–256 elements on a 5G panel — all from Module 7 of this course.

Illustrative — exactly one. The −25 dB back leakage of the “element over a reflector” option. Image theory gives that element's front hemisphere exactly, and gives zero behind an infinite screen, which no real panel achieves. The back hemisphere is therefore drawn 25 dB down — a figure chosen to sit inside the 20–35 dB band M7‑L2 publishes. It is labelled at every point of use, including in the front‑to‑back readout.